Venue : EHESS - Centre Alexandre Koyré - 27 rue Damesme 75013 Paris

 

This workshop proposes to examine European engagement with Persian language and textual culture in South Asia. In Mughal India (1526-1857) and in the Princely States emerging with the decline of Mughal central power, Persian language established itself as a lingua franca used by a large number of Muslim and Hindu literati, as well as by European adventurers and officials. During this period, Persian emerged as an important idiom for the expression and reception of Hindu knowledge and traditions. Persian was the official language of the Mughal government and remained so under the British rule until the late 1830s, and even until the last decades of the century in some Princely States. During the colonial period, British officials commissioned a considerable number of Persian works dealing with Indian religions, sciences, history and society. These studies and translations composed by Hindu and Muslim scholars and secretaries (munshi) played a key role in early British understanding of South Asian cultural and natural environment. However, these texts have never been perceived as a coherent corpus by researchers. Some of these texts were translated into English and contributed to the emergence of the field of Indian studies and Orientalism. The texts and the translations produced for the British appear chiefly over an eighty-year period, going roughly from the 1770s until the 1850s. These texts were written for members of the British administration, such as Warren Hastings, Governor-General of Bengal (1772-1785). They were also compiled for other Europeans, such as the French General Claude Martin (d. 1800), who served in the East India Company and under the Nawab of Lucknow.

This workshop will look at an emblematic and little-known figure, that of John MacGregor Murray (1745-1822). Born into a Scottish military family, John MacGregor Murray was educated in Scottish Law at Edinburgh University. Unable to make a living as a lawyer, John Macgregor Murray turned to India and obtained a commission as a cadet in the Bengal Army in 1770. He rose steadily through the ranks of the Bengal establishment until being named colonel and was conferred a baronetcy in 1795 as a reward for his service before leaving India in 1797. In the meantime, he had succeeded his father as head of the MacGregor clan. John MacGregor Murray was an avid commissioner and collector of Persian literature. From the late 1770s onwards, he gathered a vast collection of manuscripts, many of which were original texts. These manuscripts, mostly held at the Berliner Staatsbibliothek, have drawn very little attention but are exceptional in their span. Compiled by Hindu and Muslim munshis, they deal with matters such as Indian religions, customs, law, botany, medicine, agronomy, etc. These texts were based on written and oral sources in vernacular languages and Persian. Most strikingly, John MacGregor Murray was able to assemble a collection of Persian volumes dealing with the religion, law and ethnography of Buddhist Arakan, a region nowadays divided between Myanmar and Bangladesh. While in India he developed a keen interest for the Gaelic and Scottish historical and cultural heritage and was active in the foundation of the Highland Society of Scotland at Edinburgh in 1784. Standing on the threshold of different cultures, he was described by a contemporary as “a Highland Chieftain elevated by Oriental ideas”.

 

PROGRAM

10.00 - Introduction: Fabrizio Speziale - Jean Arzoumanov

Session 1: Persian Texts in the British Colonial Environment of South Asia

 

Chairman: Pascal Buresi (EHESS)

 

10.15 - Carl Ernst (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)

Anglo-Persian Texts and the Colonial Understanding of religion

 

10.45 - Fabrizio Speziale (EHESS-CEIAS)

Colonial Readers of Indo-Persian Scientific Texts

 

11.15 - Discussant: Ines G. Županov (CNRS - CEIAS)

 

11.30 - General Discussion

 

Session 2: John MacGregor Murray and the Preservation of Indian and Scottish Heritage

 

Chairman: Cécile Vidal (EHESS)

 

12.00 - Anne-Julie Etter (Université de Cergy-Pontoise)

John Macgregor Murray and the preservation of Indian architectural heritage: the case of the Taj Mahal

 

12.30 - Karen McAuley (Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, Glasgow)

Bagpipes, Ossian, Gaelic and Tartan: Sir John MacGregor Murray as a Mediator of Highland Culture

 

13.00 - Discussant: Alessandro Stanziani (EHESS)

 

13.15 - General Discussion

 

 

Session 3: John MacGregor Murray as a Commissionner of Indo-Persian Texts : Three Case Studies

 

Chairman: Ogura Satoshi (Tokyo University of Foreign Studies)

 

15.15 - Jean Arzoumanov (Université Sorbonne Nouvelle – Paris 3)

Atmaram and the emergence of Anglo-Persian ethnography: the Ḏaḫīra al-fuʾād, an account of Hindu festivals, castes and sects

 

15.45 - Parisa Ganji (EHESS)

Risāla-yi zirāʻat, an agrarian treatise on Bengal

 

16.15 - Thibaut d’Hubert (The University of Chicago)

Mahjūr al-waṭan: Notes on Persian and the British Experience of North India

 

16.45 - Discussant: Bernard Heyberger (EHESS)

 

17.00 - General Discussion